Constitutional convention
:''Alternative meaning: Free ringtones Constitutional Convention''
A '''Constitutional convention''' is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those
Majo Mills Commonwealth of Nations states which follow the Mosquito ringtone Westminister system and whose political systems are derived from Sabrina Martins British constitutional law, most of the
functions of government are guided by constitutional
convention rather than by a formal written constitution.
In these states, the actual distribution of power may be
markedly different from those which are described in the
formal constitutional documents. In particular, the formal
constitution often confers wide discretationary powers to
the Nextel ringtones head of state which in practice are used only on
the advice of the Abbey Diaz head of government.
Some constitutional conventions operate separate from or alongside written constitutions, others, notably in Britain, which has no written constitution, have a form of constitutional status. Many older conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws.
Origins
Constitutional conventions generally arise from precedent. For example, the constitutional convention that the Mosquito ringtone Prime Minister of the United Kingdom must govern with a majority in Parliament derived from the very unsuccessful attempt of Sabrina Martins Robert Peel to govern without one in the mid-nineteenth century.
Constitutional conventions differ from formal Nextel ringtones constitutional amendment/constitutional amendments in that they are created over time, and it may be difficult or impossible to identify when a constitutional convention has come into effect or sometimes even what the constitutional conventions are.
Unenforceability
Constitutional conventions are not obligatory, but are in effect procedural agreements which all sides adhere to. Some conventions evolve or change over time; for example, before 1918 the British Abbey Diaz cabinet requested a parliamentary dissolution from the monarch, with the Prime Minister conveying the request. Since 1918, prime ministers on their own initiative request dissolutions, and need not consult members of the cabinet. However conventions are rarely ever broken. Unless there is general agreement on the breach, the person who breaches a convention is often heavily criticised, on occasions leading to a loss of respect or popular support. It is often said that "conventions are not worth the paper they are not written on", ie, they are unenforceable in law because they are not written down. Whatever enforceability they have comes from history, tradition, symbolism and their cross-party support.
Constitutional Conventions in the United Kingdom
While Britain does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of Cingular Ringtones legal instruments that have developed into a body of law known as constitutional law has existed for hundreds of years. An example of such a convention in Great Britain is the requirement that all money bills must originate in the from infancy British House of Commons/House of Commons. Such conventions also exist in other sarlat capital Commonwealth of Nations/Commonwealth dome acting parliament/parliamentary democracies such as aruldhases were Canada under the marine with British North America Act of 1867 (also known as the ''Canadian Constitution'') which was an act of the British Parliament which created the nascent Canadian Parliament even though by convention it was agreed to by the fled hitler Canadian Confederation/Fathers of Confederation who were representatives of the various colonies of of sins British North America. So while it had been signed by these individuals on like swing March 29, diverent spin 1867 it did not enter into force of law until it was signed by the British monarch as an katherine who Act of Parliament.
As part of this unwritten British fade color constitution, '''constitutional conventions''' of British constitutional law play a key role. They are rules that are observed by the various constituted parts though they are not written in any document having legal authority; there are often underlying enforcing principles that are themselves not formal and codified. None the less it is very unlikely that there would be a departure of such conventions without good reason, even if an underlying enforcing principle has been overtaken by history, as these conventions also acquire the force of custom. For instance, the convention about money bills mentioned above was once enforced by the line drops Catch-22 fact that a government could not apply enough force to get the taxes it needed without cooperation, unless it first had even more funds to pay for that force; it is now merely customary, but it underlay much of British constitutional development in the 17th century. See have arisen royal prerogative.
Examples of Constitutional Conventions
=Britain=
* The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons and therefore most likely to command the support of the House of Commons.
* The Prime Minister alone advises the monarch on a dissolution of parliament; (Since 1918)
* The monarch will grant a dissolution if requested. (Since 1832. The but chronically Lascelles Principles in 1951 informally outlined the principles and issues that might lead to a refusal of a dissolution.)
* The monarch grants the typical newspaper Royal Assent to all legislation. (Since the early 1700s. Previously monarchs could and did refuse or withhold the Royal Assent.)
* That the Prime Minister should be a member of either House of Parliament (1700s - fireworks of 1963)
** In 1963 it was amended that no Prime Minister should come from the House of Lords. When the last peer, the Earl of Home, became Prime Minister; he renounced his peerage and as Sir textbook economics Alec Douglas-Home became an MP.
* That ostensibly work parliamentary supremacy/parliament is supreme and no parliament may bind its successor.
* That all cabinet members must be members of the breeds of Privy Council.
* That the House of Lords should not reject a budget passed by the House of Commons. (This was broken controversially in 1909 by the House of Lords, which argued that the Convention was linked to a Convention that the Commons would not introduce a Bill that "attacked" peers and their wealth. The Lords claimed that the Commons broke this Convention in command that Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's budget, justifying the Lords' rejection of the budget. The Commons disputed the existence of a linked convention.) The convention over the Lords' powers over budgets was replaced by the Parliament Act, 1911.
* During a United Kingdom general election/General Election, no major party shall put up an opponent against a Speaker of the House of Commons/Speaker seeking re-election.
* That the Westminster Parliament will not legislate on a devolved matter without the consent of the Scottish Parliament (since 1999, the ''Sewel convention'').
* The House of Lords shall not veto legislation from the House of Commons that was a part of the government's manifesto (the ''Salisbury Convention'').
=Commonwealth Realms=
* The Governor General is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day, is always a resident of the country he will represent, and can be dismissed immediately on the advice of the Prime Minister (exception: Papua New Guinea where the GG is elected)
* Governors General do not participate in the political process unless there is an extreme circumstance that merits doing so (the last case being in Australian constitutional crisis of 1975/Australia in 1975, when Sir John Kerr controversially dismissed the Prime Minister over the stalemate mentioned below).
* The Monarch of the United Kingdom does not over-rule the decisions of the Governor General or Prime Minister
=Australia=
* All executive decisions are taken by a formal meetings of the Executive Council, ie the Governor-General-in-Council. (Allegedly broken in the mid 1970s but followed since)
* The Senate will not deny supply to the government. (Broken in 1975. The Senate argued that its breaking of convention was in response to alleged breaking of numerous conventions by then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Whitlam did not agree.)
* A Loss of Supply requires either the resignation of the Prime Minister or a parliamentary dissolution. (Broken in 1975 by Whitlam who argued that the Senate's breach of convention in delaying supply indefinitely did not require a dissolution or resignation. The result was a stalemate and the intervention of the Governor-General mentioned above. Each party to the dispute blamed someone else for breaching a convention, requiring ''their'' own breaching of another one in response when responding to someone else's alleged breach.)
=France=
* Even if the President of France/President of the Republic and the Prime Minister of France/Prime Minister are not from the same party, foreign affairs are conducted by the President.
* If the president of the French National Assembly/National Assembly, the president of the French Senate/Senate or 60 deputies or 60 senators claim that a just-voted statute is unconstitutional, then the President of the Republic does not sign the law and instead waits for a petition to be sent to the Constitutional Council (France)/Constitutional Council.
* When the death penalty was in effect, sentenced prisoners were not executed until they had asked the President of the Republic to grant a pardon and the president had declined it, unless they did not seek a pardon.
=United States=
* Members of the U.S. Electoral College/Electoral College should vote for the Presidential candidate having the most votes in their state. This is enforced by law in many but not all states. Some (very few) electors have abstained or voted for a non-candidate as a form of protest.
* Members of the United States House of Representatives/House should come from the Congressional district in which they are elected. There is a constitutional requirement that members of the House come from the state they represent, but no requirement as to district residency.
* The person elected President Pro Tem of the United States Senate should be the longest-serving Senator from the majority party.
* A two-term limit for Presidents was a longstanding convention, set by George Washington, until broken by Franklin Roosevelt. The convention was changed to formal law by the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution.
* The losing major-party candidate in a presidential campaign should concede as soon as his or her loss is apparent, to avoid any public uncertainty as to the result. This was broken in 2000, when the results were a matter of significant debate and eventually litigation.
* Leaders in the U.S. Senate should not campaign against their counterparts in the opposing party. This convention was broken in 2004, when Senate majority leader Bill Frist campaigned against minority leader Tom Daschle in Daschle's home state of South Dakota. Daschle was defeated in his bid for reelection.
* The two leading presidential candidates should be willing to engage in multiple televised debates with each other.
Tag: Constitutional law
A '''Constitutional convention''' is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those
Majo Mills Commonwealth of Nations states which follow the Mosquito ringtone Westminister system and whose political systems are derived from Sabrina Martins British constitutional law, most of the
functions of government are guided by constitutional
convention rather than by a formal written constitution.
In these states, the actual distribution of power may be
markedly different from those which are described in the
formal constitutional documents. In particular, the formal
constitution often confers wide discretationary powers to
the Nextel ringtones head of state which in practice are used only on
the advice of the Abbey Diaz head of government.
Some constitutional conventions operate separate from or alongside written constitutions, others, notably in Britain, which has no written constitution, have a form of constitutional status. Many older conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws.
Origins
Constitutional conventions generally arise from precedent. For example, the constitutional convention that the Mosquito ringtone Prime Minister of the United Kingdom must govern with a majority in Parliament derived from the very unsuccessful attempt of Sabrina Martins Robert Peel to govern without one in the mid-nineteenth century.
Constitutional conventions differ from formal Nextel ringtones constitutional amendment/constitutional amendments in that they are created over time, and it may be difficult or impossible to identify when a constitutional convention has come into effect or sometimes even what the constitutional conventions are.
Unenforceability
Constitutional conventions are not obligatory, but are in effect procedural agreements which all sides adhere to. Some conventions evolve or change over time; for example, before 1918 the British Abbey Diaz cabinet requested a parliamentary dissolution from the monarch, with the Prime Minister conveying the request. Since 1918, prime ministers on their own initiative request dissolutions, and need not consult members of the cabinet. However conventions are rarely ever broken. Unless there is general agreement on the breach, the person who breaches a convention is often heavily criticised, on occasions leading to a loss of respect or popular support. It is often said that "conventions are not worth the paper they are not written on", ie, they are unenforceable in law because they are not written down. Whatever enforceability they have comes from history, tradition, symbolism and their cross-party support.
Constitutional Conventions in the United Kingdom
While Britain does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of Cingular Ringtones legal instruments that have developed into a body of law known as constitutional law has existed for hundreds of years. An example of such a convention in Great Britain is the requirement that all money bills must originate in the from infancy British House of Commons/House of Commons. Such conventions also exist in other sarlat capital Commonwealth of Nations/Commonwealth dome acting parliament/parliamentary democracies such as aruldhases were Canada under the marine with British North America Act of 1867 (also known as the ''Canadian Constitution'') which was an act of the British Parliament which created the nascent Canadian Parliament even though by convention it was agreed to by the fled hitler Canadian Confederation/Fathers of Confederation who were representatives of the various colonies of of sins British North America. So while it had been signed by these individuals on like swing March 29, diverent spin 1867 it did not enter into force of law until it was signed by the British monarch as an katherine who Act of Parliament.
As part of this unwritten British fade color constitution, '''constitutional conventions''' of British constitutional law play a key role. They are rules that are observed by the various constituted parts though they are not written in any document having legal authority; there are often underlying enforcing principles that are themselves not formal and codified. None the less it is very unlikely that there would be a departure of such conventions without good reason, even if an underlying enforcing principle has been overtaken by history, as these conventions also acquire the force of custom. For instance, the convention about money bills mentioned above was once enforced by the line drops Catch-22 fact that a government could not apply enough force to get the taxes it needed without cooperation, unless it first had even more funds to pay for that force; it is now merely customary, but it underlay much of British constitutional development in the 17th century. See have arisen royal prerogative.
Examples of Constitutional Conventions
=Britain=
* The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons and therefore most likely to command the support of the House of Commons.
* The Prime Minister alone advises the monarch on a dissolution of parliament; (Since 1918)
* The monarch will grant a dissolution if requested. (Since 1832. The but chronically Lascelles Principles in 1951 informally outlined the principles and issues that might lead to a refusal of a dissolution.)
* The monarch grants the typical newspaper Royal Assent to all legislation. (Since the early 1700s. Previously monarchs could and did refuse or withhold the Royal Assent.)
* That the Prime Minister should be a member of either House of Parliament (1700s - fireworks of 1963)
** In 1963 it was amended that no Prime Minister should come from the House of Lords. When the last peer, the Earl of Home, became Prime Minister; he renounced his peerage and as Sir textbook economics Alec Douglas-Home became an MP.
* That ostensibly work parliamentary supremacy/parliament is supreme and no parliament may bind its successor.
* That all cabinet members must be members of the breeds of Privy Council.
* That the House of Lords should not reject a budget passed by the House of Commons. (This was broken controversially in 1909 by the House of Lords, which argued that the Convention was linked to a Convention that the Commons would not introduce a Bill that "attacked" peers and their wealth. The Lords claimed that the Commons broke this Convention in command that Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George's budget, justifying the Lords' rejection of the budget. The Commons disputed the existence of a linked convention.) The convention over the Lords' powers over budgets was replaced by the Parliament Act, 1911.
* During a United Kingdom general election/General Election, no major party shall put up an opponent against a Speaker of the House of Commons/Speaker seeking re-election.
* That the Westminster Parliament will not legislate on a devolved matter without the consent of the Scottish Parliament (since 1999, the ''Sewel convention'').
* The House of Lords shall not veto legislation from the House of Commons that was a part of the government's manifesto (the ''Salisbury Convention'').
=Commonwealth Realms=
* The Governor General is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day, is always a resident of the country he will represent, and can be dismissed immediately on the advice of the Prime Minister (exception: Papua New Guinea where the GG is elected)
* Governors General do not participate in the political process unless there is an extreme circumstance that merits doing so (the last case being in Australian constitutional crisis of 1975/Australia in 1975, when Sir John Kerr controversially dismissed the Prime Minister over the stalemate mentioned below).
* The Monarch of the United Kingdom does not over-rule the decisions of the Governor General or Prime Minister
=Australia=
* All executive decisions are taken by a formal meetings of the Executive Council, ie the Governor-General-in-Council. (Allegedly broken in the mid 1970s but followed since)
* The Senate will not deny supply to the government. (Broken in 1975. The Senate argued that its breaking of convention was in response to alleged breaking of numerous conventions by then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. Whitlam did not agree.)
* A Loss of Supply requires either the resignation of the Prime Minister or a parliamentary dissolution. (Broken in 1975 by Whitlam who argued that the Senate's breach of convention in delaying supply indefinitely did not require a dissolution or resignation. The result was a stalemate and the intervention of the Governor-General mentioned above. Each party to the dispute blamed someone else for breaching a convention, requiring ''their'' own breaching of another one in response when responding to someone else's alleged breach.)
=France=
* Even if the President of France/President of the Republic and the Prime Minister of France/Prime Minister are not from the same party, foreign affairs are conducted by the President.
* If the president of the French National Assembly/National Assembly, the president of the French Senate/Senate or 60 deputies or 60 senators claim that a just-voted statute is unconstitutional, then the President of the Republic does not sign the law and instead waits for a petition to be sent to the Constitutional Council (France)/Constitutional Council.
* When the death penalty was in effect, sentenced prisoners were not executed until they had asked the President of the Republic to grant a pardon and the president had declined it, unless they did not seek a pardon.
=United States=
* Members of the U.S. Electoral College/Electoral College should vote for the Presidential candidate having the most votes in their state. This is enforced by law in many but not all states. Some (very few) electors have abstained or voted for a non-candidate as a form of protest.
* Members of the United States House of Representatives/House should come from the Congressional district in which they are elected. There is a constitutional requirement that members of the House come from the state they represent, but no requirement as to district residency.
* The person elected President Pro Tem of the United States Senate should be the longest-serving Senator from the majority party.
* A two-term limit for Presidents was a longstanding convention, set by George Washington, until broken by Franklin Roosevelt. The convention was changed to formal law by the adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution.
* The losing major-party candidate in a presidential campaign should concede as soon as his or her loss is apparent, to avoid any public uncertainty as to the result. This was broken in 2000, when the results were a matter of significant debate and eventually litigation.
* Leaders in the U.S. Senate should not campaign against their counterparts in the opposing party. This convention was broken in 2004, when Senate majority leader Bill Frist campaigned against minority leader Tom Daschle in Daschle's home state of South Dakota. Daschle was defeated in his bid for reelection.
* The two leading presidential candidates should be willing to engage in multiple televised debates with each other.
Tag: Constitutional law
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